Ben Hengst

Christine Sellin
(Art)

INCA ARCHITECTURE AS RULER IMAGERY

Abstract: Throughout ancient Mesoamerica and the Andes mountains, ruling cultures used artwork to assert their power. Many used literal ruler imagery.For example, in Mesoamerica, the Olmecs made giant heads that were portraits of their kings to display the power of the ruling people. Similarly, in the Andes region, the Moche people made portraits of the ruling class in the form of ceramic jars.There was at least one
cultural exception in the use of ruler imagery. The Incas used their architecture as a form of ruler imagery in order to assert their right to rule.My paper explores three Inca monuments (the Quorikancha, the Temple of Wirqocha and The Estate at Urubamba) and shows how the Incas
used these structures as ruler imagery.

FIGURE

The human figure is an interesting and easily identifiable subject to study.  When used as model for art, it can create a wonderful combination of aesthetic and emotional enjoyment.  Ben Hengst and Stephanie Shulstad are local artists who have undertaken the task of exploring the many different ways in which the human body can be portrayed in works of art in their up coming show “Figure.”  They have set out to capture the imagination of the viewers by showing the beauty of the human form on canvas and wood panel.  For this particular show, exploring oils to portray the form is the focus of all the artists. The paintings presented in this show are a sampling of the best of each artist’s individual style for making a work of art.   Opening March 17th at 3:00 pm in Overton Hall and on display through April 9th at the gallery on Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays 8am-8pm.
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Joshua Lee

Dr. Michael C. Shaw
(Physics)

CONSTITUTIVE RESPONSE OF HYDROGELS AROUND A NOTCH UNDER TENSION

Abstract: In wounds to the skin, the damage that spans several layers triggers a signaling cascade that results in the healing and reconstructive process. Cells receive an external mechanical signal, whether from their extracellular matrix (ECM) or from other cells that results in an intercellular response. On the macroscale, the wound is usually under tension which supplies an external force to underlying cells which, in turn, may lead to scarring depending on the magnitude of tension if a critical force threshold is surpassed. Here, we propose a new notched hydrogel specimen as a model for a wound. Our objective was to determine the magnitude and distribution of in-plane strain in the region of the notch-tip area. The experiments were performed in a novel
in-situ fixture mounted on the stage of an optical stereozoom microscope. Initially, a silicone rubber model consisting of an hourglass shape was examined. A scalpel was then used to give a full-thickness notch through the center. Graphite shavings were then added around the notch, and the specimen was physically pulled apart under an optical microscope with high-resolution images collected at different levels of far-field strain. Several Type-I collagen specimens were also tested and analyzed. Image analysis was then performed by ImageJ using a coordinate system to track movements of individual markers from a series of sequential images. The results revealed significant local strain amplifications near the notch tip. These results are then discussed in light of existing constitutive models for crack-tip strain fields.
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Chase S. Linsley

Michael C. Shaw
(Bioengineering/Physics)

EXAMINING STRUCTURE, CHEMISTRY AND OSTEOBLASTS RESPONSE TO TRIVALENTLY-DOPED HYDROXYAPATITE
Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a principal inorganic constituent found in bone and teeth. Synthetic HA has the same chemical composition as biological HA and, therefore, holds valid clinical applications in the areas of bone and dental regeneration. However, biological impurities create significant differences in properties between synthetic and biological HA. Studying the effects trivalent ions, which in past studies has shown to promote bone and calcium formation in rats in vivo,  have on the chemistry of HA would aid in maximizing HA’s clinical effectiveness, biologically, chemically and structurally. In the present study, experimental techniques were developed and applied to prepare trivalently-doped HA scaffolds, co-culture ATCC osteoblasts, perform histology for varying levels of calcium deposition, and test cellular adhesion in vitro. Initial experimental results are presented and analyzed within the context of current understanding.

Anup Patel
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Dr. Michael Shaw
(Bioengineering/Physics)

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE MECHANICAL RESPONSE OF LAYERED SYSTEM

ANSYS is a numerical software program that allows for modeling and simulations of a variety of complex structures containing many materials. ANSYS can be used to build 2D and 3D models to predict stress, strain, force and displacement of a variety of structures subject to both mechanical and thermal loads. Here, we have extended the results of previous investigations to obtain predicts for the stress and strains of elastic bilayer and trilayer models comprising alternating layers of metal and ceramic as well as nonlinear bilinear bilayer and bilinear trilayer model analyses.

Abigail Corrin

                                               
Dr. Michael Shaw
(Bioengineering/Physics)

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: FIBRIN SCAFFOLD MICROSTRUCTURE CORRELATED TO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Fibrin constructs are formed through the interaction of thrombin and fibrinogen. Fibrin coagulates to form a construct at the site of the wound when a wound occurs in the skin. Fibroblasts are human cells which secrete enzymes that stimulate the production of connective tissue (either proteins or components of tissue) within the skin tissue. In fibrin constructs, fibroblasts lyse the matrix and form collagen connective tissue. It is known that different concentrations of thrombin and fibrinogen affect the mechanical properties of the fibrin construct, but it is unknown how the microstructure contributes to this affect. (Mooney et. al., JMR, 8/06) This correlation is significant because the need to treat and heal chronic and large area, acute wounds especially in patients with diabetes and other diseases is very prominent. Chronic and large area acute wounds, such as burns, are common and therefore a solution to assist the body in creating a matrix with human skin cells and the way in which this process takes place is very important in clinical treatment.    

The first goal of this study was to correlate the change in microstructure of the fibrin, due to the fibrinogen concentration and the presence of fibroblast cells, with previous studies of the changes in mechanical properties of a fibrin construct. (Mooney et. al. and Cox et al). In order to achieve this goal, we first had to prepare fibrin constructs to be imaged using the confocal and scanning electron microscope. This involved establishing a protocol for the dehydration of the hydrogels. Then once established, the gels could be viewed under the SEM. The resultant microstructures were then correlated with the differing mechanical stiffness using a previously developed micromechanics model.
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Jennifer Lovick

Dr. David Marcey
(Biology)

TESTING THE EFFECTS OF RNAI-MEDIATED REDUCTION OF DPEZ AND CPR EXPRESSION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Abstract: A model for the extra eye (ee) mutation’s effects on head development is based on the idea that DPez, a gene that encodes for a Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, is partially or completely silenced by RNA interference (RNAi)-induced transcriptional gene silencing. As a direct test for this model, a transgenic line of flies will be formulated involving the use of the pWIZ vector, which will induce the RNAi mechanism leading to heterochromatization and silencing of the gene. Portions of exons of DPez and Cpr, a neighboring gene, will be cloned into a pWIZ vector, and inserted into D. melanogaster. pWIZ carries an upstream activating sequence (UAS) that allows for expression in developing eye tissue of the fragment of choice when crossed to flies bearing the GAL4 protein. It is expected that silencing of DPez in the offspring will result in mutant phenotypes similar to those produced by the ee mutation.
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Trevor Connor

David Grannis (Communication)

WHERE YOU AT? THE UNDER-REPRESENTATION OF ASIANS IN AMERICAN TELEVISION

VIDEO RESUME

Abstract: My video-resume showcases highlights of my work as a CLU News reporter. My tape focuses specifically on my coverage of CLU athletics.

Aarika Lim

WHERE YOU AT? THE UNDER-REPRESENTATION OF ASIANS IN AMERICAN TELEVISION

Abstract: This study investigates the representation of Asian and Asian American people in the mass media. The research is based on data collected during a one-week period of watching the primetime television programming on four major networks. After creating a content analysis to determine how often Asians appeared on-screen and categorizing the type of role they played, findings reveal that in comparison to other races on television, Asians are exceptionally under-represented. This research expands the studies that have previously been conducted to understand the representation of race in American television programming.

Wes Sullivan

Dr. Sharon Docter (Communication)

THE CSI EFFECT: HOW THE MEDIA ARE CULTIVATING PERCEPTIONS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS

Abstract: This study examines the relationship between crime shows such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Law and Order and their impact on jurors in criminal trials. The study is based on George Gerbner's theory of cultivation, which argues that as exposure to media increases, the line between reality and television becomes increasingly blurred. Due to this, potential jurors have heightened expectations for evidence in the courtroom setting. As a result prosecutors are finding it harder to convict defendants as jurors expect more evidence than in the past.
The research is based on a fictional murder trial where circumstantial evidence makes up the majority of the case. Participants in the survey are then asked whether or not they would convict based on the circumstantial evidence. Scales are used to determine how much television participants watch, and then specifically how often they watch CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Law and Order.
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Trevor Gotsman

Dr. Myungsook Klassen
(Computer Science)

GAME2D

Abstract: A simple networked computer game used as an educational project that focuses on Java Object Oriented Program design, multi
threading and Client Server computing.

 Meghan Pulte

Dr. Craig Reinhart (Computer Science)

Dr. Karrolyne Fogel
(Math)

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SPACECRAFT THERMAL RADIATION

Abstract: When designing spacecraft, it is important to know the amount of thermal radiation a surface will receive. In order to determine these values, the radiative heat transfer from the Sun and Earth to the spacecraft surfaces must be computed. Over the summer, I worked to verify the accuracy of a program developed at Aerospace (ATRIUM) that calculates these factors. Using another in-house developed program, I created models for configurations with known equations to calculate the theoretical transfer. I then ran these models through ATRIUM and calculated the expected values. In most cases the results matched, verifying that ATRIUM was working correctly. In cases where the results did not match, I determined the source of the discrepancy and corrected it and re-ran the analysis.
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Shauna Papenbrook

Dr. Helen Lim
(Criminal Justice)

Katy Wilkins

Helen Lim
(Criminal Justice)

DOES POVERTY CAUSE CRIME?

Abstract: Poverty has been one of the most pressing issues in the United States for several decades and has recently gained worldwide attention. Many experts have attributed the rise in the prison population in the United States to the conditions of poverty. Others have suggested there are other factors that drive people to commit crime, whether it is substance abuse, family situations, or gang activity. However, the main reason crime occurs cannot be attributed to only to poverty, but also, the interrelationship of many psychological and environmental factors that influence a person’s behavior. Unfortunately, poverty can be an underlying issue that influences all the environmental factors that contribute to a person's susceptibility to committing criminal acts.
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Emily Moffett

Dr. Mel Haberman
(English)

PARALLELISM IN THE MODERN PROMETHEUS

Frankenstein: or The Modern Prometheus is a conflicted novel that never seems to reconcile the uncertainty and balance of the relationship between the creator and the creation. Throughout history, various understandings of “the creation” of the universe and mankind’s relationship to its creator have been recorded, debated, and interpreted. In her novel, Mary Shelley “re-tells” the story of creation in an effort to explain this complex relationship. While Frankenstein is generally assumed to express a desire to understand the position and existence of humanity, it may be that Mary Shelley’s novel about this irreconcilable relationship is really meant to express the struggles experienced by any creator/artist, including painters, composers, writers, and others.  If so, Shelley’s novel creates an accurate depiction of the conflicted relationship that an artist shares with his or her work.

Amelia Norton

Dr. Joan Wines
(English)

JOHN DONNE AS CRYPTO-CATHOLIC: RELIGIOUS IMAGERY IN HOLY SONNETS XIII - XIX

After examining John Donne’s journey from devout Catholicism to his anointment into the Anglican Church priesthood, one would expect his poetry to cover a wide array of topics and ideological perspectives. And certainly, this is the case. But a study of the religious imagery in his last seven Holy Sonnets, written during the period of his public denouncement of Catholicism and acceptance of Anglicanism, shows that despite his “conversion,” he has continued to privilege the Catholic ideology.

Jake Goodrich

Dr. Sig Schwarz
(English)

FAITH AND LACK THEREOF: SPIRITUAL ATTITUDES IN THE WAKE OF THE HOLOCAUST

Abstract: The horror associated with the Holocaust often calls into question whether or not the two counterparts of faith and spirituality
can perpetuate themselves in the face of genocide. One of our most vivid and well documented historical accounts of genocide, the Holocaust,
provides numerous lenses with which to view the nature of faith and spirituality during such dreadful times. I examine similarities and differences in these perspectives through the words of selected
philosophers, theologians, researchers, novelists, and Holocaust survivors. In addition, I reveal my own spiritual walk during my research. Through my research and my own lens, I hope to provide the reader with a sense of solace and the conviction that we must keep the Holocaust relevant and our young people informed.

Samantha Farinacci

Dr. Mogk (English)
Dr. Fogg (Religion)
Dr. Streeter (Religion)

EVAN

Abstract: This One Act play takes place at a Jesus conference where Jesus himself has been called to be the headliner.  Three representatives each from different communities have been called to prepare the speech that will introduce Jesus.  Through their discussions they develop a richer appreciation for who Jesus really is.  The play blends religious perspectives as well as genres.  It is religious, dramatic and literary.  Essentially the play is about defending and critiquing the Evangelical faith by examining the plight of one faithful but troubled Christian.

Patrick Jennet

Dr. James Bland 
(English)

DEUCES WILD AND DIME NOVEL

The first part of this two part project is a one-act play about reconciliation and familial bonds with elements of laughter, bitterness, and compassion. The play, "Deuces Wild," is a comedy that surrounds David, a thirty-five year old middle-school teacher, who is returning home for the funeral of his gambling, alcoholic father. Having moved across the country to separate himself from his family, David not only has to try and come up with a eulogy about a person he still resents, but he also has deal with the shenanigans of the rest of his family--his wild brother, Willy, and Willy's girlfriend, his eccentric aunts, and his seemingly distant mom.

Part two is a play in progress called "Dime Novel." Set in the Wild-West of a post Civil War Arizona town, it revolves around the popular new Sheriff. However, the sheriff suffers from a multiple personality disorder, and his alter ego is a bandit named Nomad. One night, the sheriff is drunk and lapses into Nomad, who commits a crime wearing the clothes of the sheriff and then escapes. the next morning. The deputy arrives at the sheriff's house to arrest him. Believing that he was framed, the sheriff must escape from jail and become a fugitive in order to prove his innocence. The closer he gets to solving the crime, the less he likes what he is finding. To top it all off, both the sheriff and Nomad have a bounty hunter close on their trail. The play is an attempt to bring to the stage a Western filled with colorful characters and a feel for the Wildness of the West.

Luci Masredjian

Dr. Mel Haberman
(English)

CALVINISM MISGUIDED IN FAULKNER’S LIGHT IN AUGUST

William Faulkner’s Light in August paints a portrait of some of the specific problems of misguided religion both by showing the perversities inherent in a fanatical Calvinism, and by contrasting this to Lena Grove’s more “natural,” non-institutional religion. Each major character in Light in August lives strictly by certain moral codes. The character of Lena Grove portrays a healthy religious perspective, while the passionate fanaticisms of Joe Christmas, Joanna Burden, Gail Hightower, and Simon McEachern illustrate how obsessiveness can denigrate a religion. 

Erin Warrell

Dr. Jim Bond
(English)

Briana Williams

Dr. Jim Bond
(English)

A STUDY OF INNER AND OUTER BEAUTY IN DISNEY'S BEAUTY AND THE BEAST

Many protest that the Disney industry places too much emphasis on the importance of physical (outer) beauty.  I argue that this is not necessarily the case by analyzing Disney’s film Beauty and the Beast.  The film’s three main characters offer variant examples of inner and outer beauty:  Belle embodies both physical and internal beauty; the Beast is allowed to depict an inner beauty; and Gaston represents the sole quality of outer beauty.  Although the outer beauty of the characters is emphasized at first, the film re-focuses the attention of the audience so as to privilege inner beauty. In this way, Disney’s young audience learns something about the way that society makes its judgments and about the comparative importance of inner and outer beauty.
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Laura Morris

Kavin Tsang
(ESSM)

ICE BAG APPLICATION NEGATES THE EFFECTS OF INTERFERENTIAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION

The therapeutic effects of cold modalities and electrical stimulation, as individual entities, in the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries are well established in the clinical setting and are well documented in the research literature. General physiological effects of cold modalities include decreased nerve conduction velocity while interferential stimulation, a common form of therapeutic electrical stimulation, is aimed at decreasing pain perception via the gate mechanism. Intuitively, the two modalities would appear to function in opposition. While our findings support existing evidence of therapeutic effects of cold modalities, the results clearly indicate a counterproductive effect with concomitant applications of cold and electrical stimulation modalities.

Grante Norte

Kavin Tsang
(ESSM)

THE RELIABILITY OF A MODIFIED VOLUMETRIC TECHNIQUE ON ASSESSMENTS OF HAND VOLUME

Current methods of volumetric measurement of upper extremities include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bioelectrical impedance, Perometer, tape measure, and water volumetry. Advanced techniques, i.e., MRI, provide results with high levels of precision while requiring sophisticated equipment and associated costs. Basic techniques, i.e., tape measure, require minimal equipment and costs but sacrifice on precision of results. While traditional water volumetry is relatively inexpensive and the procedure is simple and effective, the accuracy of measurements is limited by the quality and readability of graduated cylinders. Based on our results, we believe that the development of this modified volumetric technique provides clinicians with very reliable and accurate assessments of upper extremity volumes

Katelynn Thomas

Kavin Tsang
(ESSM)

CONCOMITANT APPLICATION OF ICE AND ELECTRICAL STIMULATION DOES NOT IMPROVE PAIN THRESHOLD

The use of cold modalities and electrical stimulation in the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries is well established in the clinical setting, documented in the research literature, and highlighted in instructional texts. Although the simultaneous application of both modalities is empirically accepted, the summative effects of such treatments have not been supported by research evidence. Our findings suggest that while cold modalities are effective in decreasing the perception of pain, the addition of electrical stimulation does not result in summative effects and additional treatment enhancements are not produced. The culture in the clinical practice of simultaneous cold and electrical stimulation therapy should be re-evaluated.

Katelynn Thomas

Kavin Tsang
(ESSM)

RELIABILITY OF A NON-CONTACT INFRARED THERMOMETER ON ASSESSING SKIN TEMPERATURE

The assessment of body temperature is a common and often critical component of various investigations in the therapeutic modality research community. Existing techniques generally require invasive protocols and costly equipment and supplies (core, subcutaneous) or confront issues of validity and reliability (surface). The use of infrared technology to assess surface temperature is well established in industrial and medical arenas. As such, the use of infrared thermometers has increased as the method of body temperature assessment by researchers. Based on these results, we believe this non-contact infrared thermometer provides clinicians with a non-invasive protocol to assess skin temperature that is accurate and very reliable within and between examiners.

Katie Windsor

Kavin Tsang
(ESSM)

The Reliability of a Modified Volumetric Technique on Assessments of Ankle Volume

Current methods of volumetric measurement of lower extremities include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bioelectrical impedance, Perometer, tape measure, and water volumetry. Advanced techniques, i.e., MRI, provide results with high levels of precision while requiring sophisticated equipment and associated costs. Basic techniques, i.e., tape measure, require minimal equipment and costs but sacrifice on precision of results. While traditional water volumetry is relatively inexpensive and the procedure is simple and effective, the accuracy of measurements is limited by the quality and readability of graduated cylinders. Based on our results, we believe that the development of this modified volumetric technique provides clinicians with very reliable and accurate assessments of lower extremity volumes.
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Amanda Howard

Dr. Walter Stewart
(German)

THE HOLY GRAIL

Abstract: The Holy Grail has been depicted in literature throughout the centuries in many different ways: as Jesus's chalice which He drank from at the last supper; as a stone that holds magical qualities; or the remains of Mary Magdalene and the proof of a secret relationship. These ideas are portrayed through such famous literature as Wolfram Von Eschenbacha's Parzival, Christien De Troye's Percival, the Holy Bible, or even the more recent Holy Blood, Holy Grail. Each of these works has proposed a different hypothesis that argues the truth behind the Christian faith and the life of Jesus Christ.
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Ashley Anderson

Dr. Michaela Reaves
(History)

BEWITCHED, BOTHERED, AND BEWILDERED:THE CASE FOR PARASITIC POISONING IN SALEM

In the April 1976 edition of Science, Linnda R. Caporael suggested that a parasitic fungus called ergot may have caused the witchcraft hysteria in 1692 Salem.  From a scientific viewpoint is this thesis viable? How did the paranoia of a small community evolve into a widespread hunt that ended up condemning innocent people? As of today, many theories have developed to explain the hysteric phenomena of the Salem witch trials, such as teenage boredom, religious controversies, and disputes between neighbors over land. Thirty years after Carporeal’s original article is it possible to analyze the data in support of this thesis?  The answer is yes.  By analyzing tangible evidence, such as trial transcripts and examinations of the afflicted girls, it is possible to conclude that witch craft was not present in Salem. Instead, information strongly suggests that a parasitic fungus called ergot was responsible for the deadly outcome of the Salem witch trials.

Melissa Harper

Dr. Michaela Reaves
(History)

LEIDEN DOMINATION OF PLIMOTH COLONY

In 1620 the Mayflower landed with 102 settlers in Plimoth.  Although a seemingly homogenous group, examination of the wills and court documents of the settlers of Plimoth reveals a disparate group dominated by a minority from Leiden, Holland.  Once settled, the settlers quickly divided into two groups based on their former connections and their motives for immigration, representing Leiden and London.  The former were Separatists seeking to establish a community free from religious persecution, while the latter was more diverse in origination and had hopes for financial gain.  Despite being outnumbered by the London group, the Leiden group became more powerful, a fact which becomes evident through analysis in the political leadership of the colony.  The wills of each group and the judicial records of the colony reveal that, despite its small numbers, the Leiden group dominated the early years of the Plimoth colony.

Johanna Peterson

Dr. Michaela Reaves
(History)

A SPLIT POLICY:BRITISH COLONY-MAKING BEFORE AND AFTER CROMWELL

English colonization of North America falls neatly into two eras, before and after the Cromwellian Interregnum.In 1648, Parliamentarian Oliver Cromwell began the civil war which led to the overthrow and execution of Charles I, marking the beginning of Commonwealth and Protectorate, the period during which time no colonies were established in North America.After the death of Cromwell in 1658 and the unsuccessful takeover of his son, the Stuart monarchs were reinstated beginning with Charles II in 1660.Only with the new king did England begin colonizing North America once again.The rights and liberties granted in the colonial charters colonists differed between those granted before the interregnum and those granted after.In particular, a close examination of the charters and grants for the Massachusetts Bay area shows that considerably more power and authority was given to the people settling in that region in the 1620’s and 1630’s than that given the people who had settled, and continued to settle, New York in the 1660’s.

Delia Rico Silva

Dr. Michaela Reaves
(History)

WHAT THE WILLS SHOW: WOMEN AND INHERITANCE IN PLYMOUTH COLONY

By 1630, the Great Migration to the British colonies in North America was underway.  Hundreds of men, women and children dared the Atlantic transit to establish themselves in the Plymouth Colony.   Over time they built lives, had children, and died leaving material artifacts and wills to record their passing.  An investigation of the wills and probate documents of women in the colony between 1628 and 1687 demonstrates inheritance patterns.  One might expect that few goods were left to women in the patriarchal structure of the British colonists, but, in fact, women did inherit goods or land from their fathers. 
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Prudence Cathaway-Kjontvedt

Dr. Hala King (Math)
Dr. Janet Scheel (Physics)

BLACK HOLES: TRUE OR FALSE?

Abstract: The concept of black holes is just a theory since they can not be seen directly.  However, a few theories are based on physical
properties and indirect evidence.  The purpose of this study will involve the research of black holes, more specifically, indirect evidence confirming the presence of black holes.  Also, the research
will examine what happens to an object if it were to fall into a black hole. I anticipate uncovering data on different types of black holes and discover underlying knowledge of the general relativity and geometry involved. Examples that will be presented for the indirect evidence are the motions of surrounding stars, the gravitational lensing that bends light from even more distant objects, and especially, the blast that occur when materials swirl down the black hole.

Marc Morris-Rivera

Dr. Karri Fogel
(Mathematics)

ON THE RADIO NUMBERS OF CN □ CN

Radio labeling is a variation of Hale’s Channel assignment problem.  We seek to assign positive integers to the vertices of a graph G subject to various distance constraints.  Specifically, a radio labeling of a connected graph G is the assignment of distinct labels to the vertices of any graph under the given condition,

d(u,v) + |c(u) – c(v)| ≥ 1 + diam(G)

Radio labeling is derived from the assignment of radio frequencies to a set of radio stations.  Each station must receive distinct frequencies, with respect to the distances between them.  Any two stations that are close in distance and have similar frequencies will increase the potential for interference.  We will be focusing specifically on the graph Cartesian products of cycle graphs with the same order represented by Cn □ Cn.  The radio number of a graph G is the minimum span number, taken over all radio labeling of G.

Juan Ortiz

Dr. Karri Fogel
(Mathematics)

Radio labeling is a graph labeling problem suggested by Chartrand, analogous to assigning frequencies to FM channel stations. Given a
graph, G, the distance between two vertices is denoted as d(u,v). The diameter of G, diam(G), is the maximum distance between any two vertices on G. A radio labeling is an assignment c:V(G)  maps to the N such that every distinct pair of
vertices u,v satisfies the inequality d(u,v)+|c(u)-c(v)|> diam(G)+1. The span of a radio labeling is the greatest integer used. The radio number, rn(G), is the minimum span over all radio labelings of G. In this presentation we determine the radio number of prisms (the products of cycles with a path on two vertices). In the process we share techniques that are likely to be of use in determining radio numbers of other families of graphs.

TEACHING THE REAL NUMBERS

Abstract: It is well known that real numbers consist of both rational and irrational numbers. Some known axioms about the real numbers are the field axioms, the ordered axioms, and the completeness axiom. The real numbers can be represented using either decimal representation, Dedekind Cuts, or Cauchy sequences. We will  investigate these axioms, research two of the representations  in depth, and study  where the real number system is taught in the middle and high schools. We will incorporate these ideas to create an effective  lesson plan. The use of the real numbers in almost all college classes will also be discussed.

Meghan Pulte

Dr. Craig Reinhart (Computer Science)

Dr. Karrolyne Fogel (Math)

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SPACECRAFT THERMAL RADIATION

Abstract: When designing spacecraft, it is important to know the amount of thermal radiation a surface will receive. In order to determine these values, the radiative heat transfer from the Sun and Earth to the spacecraft surfaces must be computed. Over the summer, I worked to verify the accuracy of a program developed at Aerospace (ATRIUM) that calculates these factors. Using another in-house developed program, I created models for configurations with known equations to calculate the theoretical transfer. I then ran these models through ATRIUM and calculated the expected values. In most cases the results matched, verifying that ATRIUM was working correctly. In cases where the results did not match, I determined the source of the discrepancy and corrected it and re-ran the analysis.
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Particular Principle:

A selection from one of three Reflections On Ethics submitted to the Elie Wiesel Foundation Essay Contest. The subject of the paper addresses how principles are established based upon experience and the meaning gained from such experience. In an existentialist interpretation of this topic, the essay asserts the individual and the importance of his/her particular principles as central to unifying moral reasoning and action.

Brooke Robb

Dr. Nathan Tierney
(Philosophy)

THE PROBLEM OF MORAL INCENTIVE IN KANTIAN ETHICS

Abstract: Kant asserted that in order to be truly ethical, a person must obey the moral law for its own sake. This proposition leads one to ask whether bare respect for the purely rational moral law can actually motivate a person's ethical decisions. This paper examines several of Kant's attempts to answer this question. While conceding that incentives are necessarily subjective, he argued that the objective moral law can and does create subjective feelings (namely, feelings of respect for the moral law) in people. In addition, he suggested that reason is a special kind of object of desire (desires, of course, can motivate the human will). Finally, Kant provided further support for his view by pointing out connections between morality and happiness. Though some of Kant's answers are more convincing than others, perhaps none of them provides a definitive explanation for our incentive to obey the moral law. BACK TO DIRECTORY

Prudence Cathaway-Kjontvedt

Dr. Hala King (Math)
Dr. Janet Scheel (Physics)

BLACK HOLES: TRUE OR FALSE?

Abstract: The concept of black holes is just a theory since they can not be seen directly.  However, a few theories are based on physical
properties and indirect evidence.  The purpose of this study will involve the research of black holes, more specifically, indirect evidence confirming the presence of black holes.  Also, the research
will examine what happens to an object if it were to fall into a black hole. I anticipate uncovering data on different types of black holesand discover underlying knowledge of the general relativity and geometry involved. Examples that will be presented for the indirect evidence are the motions of surrounding stars, the gravitational lensing that bends light from even more distant objects, and especially, the blast that occur when materials swirl down the black hole.

Michael Brewer

Dr. Haco Hoang
(Political Science)

THE USE OF PRIVATE MILITARY CONTRACTORS IN INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS AND LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICTS

Abstract: This project essentially focuses on the case of the scalpel (Private Military Contractors) versus the broadsword (conventional military forces), which will allow an understanding of the respective time and place for their optimal use towards securing regional stability and minimizing the loss of human life. The use of Private Military Contractors (PMCs) as combat personnel is a very effective tool in international peacekeeping operations and low-intensity conflicts often found in the Third World.Due to the evolution of modern warfare and the new generation of threats to global security, PMCs fill a vital niche in the realm of international peacekeeping due to their high levels of specialization and professionalism, apolitical flexibility, and overall effectiveness (quality of finished product, cost, and collateral damage).Case studies will be drawn from several past and current Private Military Companies operating in various conflicts around the world in states weakened by armed conflict.

Siavash Habibi

Dr. Freeland
(Political Science)

INTERNATIONAL HIP HOP AND RAP MUSIC: ABOVE AND UNDERGROUND

Abstract: Different trends have come to show that Hip Hop and Rap have become elements in crossing cultural barriers and reaching out to certain people that have previously not been interested in matters of Goodwill. This research is aiming to show how the effects of Hip Hop and Rap are very similar in two completely different countries. It will also be shown how this is, and could be used internationally for bringing social understanding and even decreasing crime.

Beth Thompson

Dr. Haco Hoang
(Political Science)

IMAGES OF TWO FIRST LADIES IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Abstract: In this comparison between first ladies Abigail Adams and Eleanor Roosevelt, I examine the media's portrayal of these women, as well as language used to describe them in a historical context. The project examines the media's portrayal of the ladies in three categories: their relationship to their husband, their personal appearance, and their political activeness and causes.

James Wall

Dr. Haco Hoang
(Political Science)

Steven Westervelt

Dr. Haco Hoang
(Political Science)

TITLE

Abstract: In this project I examine the roles that constitutional liberalism and civic engagement play in allowing Islam and democracy to coexist in the case study state of Iraq.The war in Iraq has placed an extraordinary handicap on American policies of supporting the formation of democratic regimes in the region.There are two main problems that the United States (and the rest of the world) are facing when trying to effect political change in the Middle East: 1) Iraq is the nexus of violence in the region.Until security can be assured and a legitimate, functioning government takes power there can be no advancements elsewhere in the region 2)Pushing the rapid democratization for in the Middle East will foment further discontent with American policies towards the Arab and Muslim states stretching from North Africa to South Asia.Understanding that the traits of social pluralism, constitutional liberalism, and civic engagement is key in fostering liberal transition in Middle Eastern states.Although this necessarily means that political liberalization will be a longer process, the final product will more stable polities that minimizes terrorism as much as possible.

Andy Treloar

Michael Brint
(Political Science)

DRAWING EVIL FROM GOOD: THE AESTHETIZATION OF THE VOLKISCH SPIRIT IN THE WORKS OF LENI RIEFENSTAHL AND JOSEF GOEBBELS

Abstract: My research focuses on the aesthetization of the traditional notions of the good present in German culture and how the power of the aesthetic is able to turn something good into evil. Actress/filmmaker and propagandist Josef Goebbels were able to take these notions of the
good and present them in a way that they became singular and totalitarian, marginalizing all else.
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Daniel Knauss

Dr. Mindy Puopolo
(Psychology)

Michelle Kraus and Darren Peshek

CONSTRUCTION AND INTERNALIZATION OF PRAYER PRACTICES TO COPE WITH TRANSITIONAL LIFE PERIODS

Abstract: Prayer plays an important role during transitional periods of religious individuals. Transitions may occur when coming to college, leaving college, getting married, or other significant life events such as divorce and death of a loved one. The microgenetic process through which one develops during transitional periods is governed through semiotic mediation and bi-directional communication with social others and, in some cases, a personalized image of a deity. Internalized practices of various types of prayer serve as a source of comfort, clarity, and a medium for interaction with the surrounding environment. Through examining the practices of prayer in college students undergoing transitional periods that may invoke anxiety, the experimenters investigated the processes of prayer and the degree to which the use of prayer helps one cope with the difficult life changes. Findings indicate that participants used internalized prayer practices to promote a healthy sense of well-being during difficult periods of transition.

Liz Leeper

Dr. Marylie Gerson
(Psychology)

THE IMPACT OF GENDER AND MATCHED POLITICAL AFFILIATION ON THE ATTENTION AND ACCEPTANCE OF A POLITICAL MESSAGE

The purpose of this study was to see if the gender of a politician giving a political message, and whether the degree to which one agrees with a liberal or conservative message has an impact on one's attention and acceptance of the political message. Eighty male and female undergraduates ranging in age from 18-46 participated in this study. Each participant was given a packet that contained a vignette of one of four experimental conditions. Results showed that the gender of the candidate did not significantly affect the attention or acceptance of the political message, nor did the degree to which a participant’s beliefs matched the candidates affect the attention or acceptance of the message. However, a correlation analysis did show that participants are much more likely to vote for and desire to be friends with a politician when their beliefs match the candidate's. This may be a worthwhile finding to consider when studying the factors impacting voter behavior, in that actual approval of a candidate may be more affected by what the voter personally thinks the candidate believes and whether is it similar to the voter's own belief, than they are affected by what the candidate verbally acknowledges. After further correlation analysis, an additional finding showed that conservative participants were significantly more likely than liberal participants to report the following: (a) matched beliefs with the candidate, (b) that they would want to be friends with the candidate, and (c) that they would vote for the candidate.

Darren Peshek

Dr. Marylie Gerson
(Psychology)

GOSSIP SEVERITY AFFECTS PERCEPTION OF PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS

Abstract: One of the most easily observable human drives is to engage in social interaction with others of similar characteristics in order to gain confidence and a feeling of self-worth. A key part of this social interaction is often negative discussion about individuals not present--more commonly known as gossip. The central thesis of this research is that negative cases of gossip affect not only the reputation of the gossip’s target, but also one’s perception of several personality characteristics (namely friendliness and intelligence) of the individual spreading gossip when this individual is not a familiar part of one’s normal social interactions. Also, one’s perception of the individual spreading gossip will be determined by the subject matter of the gossip in regards to social importance; trivial, moderate or severe. Data indicated that trivial and severe instances of gossip negatively affected perception of intelligence, and only trivial gossip negatively affected perception of friendliness.

Darren Peshek

Mindy Puopolo (Psychology)

Daniel Thomas:

Mindy Puopolo (Psychology)

RECIPROCITY AND JUNGIAN PSYCHOLOGY IN URSULA K. LE GUIN'S EARTHSEA TRILOGY

Ursula K. Le Guin incorporates the Cultural Anthropological aspect of Reciprocity and the Psychological aspect of the Jungian Shadow as a means to propel the characters Ged, Tenar and Arren through their respective coming-of-age journeys.

EFFECTS OF PERPETRATOR'S GENDER AND LEVEL OF VIOLENCE ON SEVERITY OF CRIMINAL SENTENCE AND ATTRIBUTION OF BLAME

Abstract: This study examines the relationship among subjects' locus of control (LOC), belief in the medical model of mental illness, and their sentencing of mentally ill criminals, both violent and nonviolent. It is the author's hypothesis that subjects with a more internal LOC will disagree with the medical model of mental illness and select harsher sentences for the offender across conditions. Results pending.

Dana Wolf

Dr. Mindy Puopolo (Psychology)

THE EFFECTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL LAVENDER ON THE MOOD
STATES OF INDIVIDUALS WHILE PERFORMING A FRUSTRATING TASK

Abstract: This study examined the differences in negative mood scores based on the Derogatis Affects Balance Scale (DABS) between two groups of participants. The first group was set in a regular classroom that had no exposure to any unusual scent while completing a difficult crossword puzzle. The second group was exposed to a lavender essential oil scent for 15 minutes while completing the same crossword puzzle as the first group. An independent measure T-test was run on the participant scores to examine the differences in the Negative Affects Total (NTOT) scores between the control group and experimental group. The mean score for the control group was 49.5667, while the mean score for the experimental group was 42.6667. The significance level was set at .05 for this experiment. A t-test was run and the statistical analysis showed a significance at .047 based on a 2-tailed design.
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Samantha Farinacci

Dr. Mogk (English)
Dr. Fogg (Religion)
Dr. Streeter (Religion)

EVAN

Abstract: This One Act play takes place at a Jesus conference where Jesus himself has been called to be the headliner. Three representatives each from different communities have been called to prepare the speech that will introduce Jesus. Through their discussions they develop a richer appreciation for who Jesus really is. The playblends religious perspectives as well as genres. It is religious, dramatic and literary. Essentially the play is about defending and critiquing the Evangelical faith by examining the plight of one faithful but troubled Christian.

Christine Higueria-Street

Dr. Pamela Brubaker (Religion)
Dr. Julia Fogg
(Religion)

WOMEN IN THE BIBLE:STORIES INTERPRETED BY WOMEN BASED ON SOCIAL LOCATION, SOCIAL CLASS AND LIFE EXPERIENCE

Abstract: This project evolved from a service learning project from a class entitled, Liberation Theology, to a second stage of research from Methods of Study of Religion offered to Religion Majors. It is this second stage of research that I propose for the Festival of Scholars.
This project examines the way personal experience shapes biblical interpretation by comparing two groups of women reading the same biblical stories in very different social contexts. The preliminary finding of this project indicates that, as biblical scholars have noted, gender, social class, and social location impact how a group of women interpret biblical stories. This study goes a step further to examine the ways that one’s immediate life experience, in particular, influences each group’s interpretations. The project then discusses the insights each group brought to the biblical stories out of their unique experiences.
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Erika L. Budig

Jonathan Cordero
(Sociology)

Aarika Lim, Senior

Dr. Adina Nack
(Sociology)

WHEN THE IVORY TOWER HAS A CHURCH STEEPLE: NORMS ASSOCIATED WITH COLLEGIATE, ON-CAMPUS CHRISTIAN WORSHIP GROUPS

This study investigates the variety of behavioral norms associated with undergraduate on-campus religious communities.  The research is based on data collected during a semester-long participant observation study of on-campus religious student groups/clubs and included informal one-on-one interviews with five of the participants.  The findings reveal that three norms are prevalent and key to creating Christian college student subcultures on this campus: worship norms, greeting/conversational norms, and leadership norms.  These norms were observed to be contextual, differing according to the demographics of each particular student group/club: e.g., sex, frequency of attendance, and collegiate class level.  The identified norms were found to be essential to individual students’ experiences of being active participants in the various on-campus worship events.  Participants in this lifestyle had all adopted the norm and incorporated them into their everyday on-campus worship behavior.  This study expands the breadth of studies that have previously been conducted to understanding the religious worship of college students.  Results from this study can be used to assist campus clergy, student life administrators, and college admission counselors in better understanding student groups focused on Christian worship, and, if need be, restructuring campus ministries programs.  

Aarika Lim, SeniorJean Libby, Senior
Julie Smedley, Junior

Dr. Akiko Yasuike (Sociology)

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE OPINIONS ON MORAL ISSUES

This study examines which factors influence opinions people create on two moral issues: homosexuality and pre-marital sex.  The researchers tested six hypotheses to see whether religion, political preference, and personal experience had any influence on the two moral issues being studied.  Surveys were distributed to students at California Lutheran University who reside in on-campus housing; 85 students responded.  The researchers used systematic random sampling based on a list of all on-campus rooms to select the participants for this study.  The cross-tabulation analysis revealed that religious behavior and personal experience do have some influence on people’s opinions of homosexuality and pre-marital sex.  The results were statistically significant and supported all of the hypotheses pertaining to those factors.  Political preference did not appear to have any affect on the opinions people held pertaining to homosexuality and pre-marital sex.  Results from this study will hopefully encourage open discussion concerning homosexuality and pre-marital sex. This research may also provide insight for professors in humanities departments, allowing them to structure their classes to accommodate diverse points of views.
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Michele Hernandez

Dr. Eva Ramirez
(Spanish)

Robert Mummey

Dr. Reinhard Teichmann (Spanish)

THE DYSFUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOR OF LEADING CHARACTERS AS
AGENTS OF CHANGE IN HISPANIC FILMS

Abstract: In Spanish speaking pictures, there are characters that suffer from personality disorders. According to the manual of Psychiatry Statistics and Diagnostics, there are ten classes of personality disorders that are manifested; for example, the person can be antisocial, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, paranoid, or schizophrenic in pronounced ways. These disorders are used to describe the behavior of different personalities that manifest themselves in the protagonists in such a manner that they become agents of change in the following movies: Viridiana, La boca del lobo, Camila, La historia oficial, and El crimen del padre Amaro. These movies focus on liberation, on social conflict and institutional corruption, such as that of the Church. In each picture the principal characters exhibit some type of disorder or dysfunctionality in their personality. Sometimes there is an event or events that change or amplify these disorders. These disorders generate points of conflict when they collide with social forces and emotional forces. In turn these points of conflict collectively transform the character into an agent of change.

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